Pseudo Random Coins Show More Heads Than Tails

Pseudo Random Coins Show More Heads Than Tails

Tossing a coin is the most elementary Monte-Carlo experiment. In a computer the coin is replaced by a pseudo random number generator. It can be shown analytically and by exact enumerations that popular random number generators are not capable of imitating a fair coin: pseudo random coins show more ‘‘heads’’ than ‘‘tails.’’ This bias explains the empirically observed failure of some random numbe...

Two (or more) heads are better than one.

Heads I win, tails you lose!

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Heads you gain, tails you lose.

THE FIELD OF TRANSPORT PHYSIOLOGY was fundamentally changed by the discovery of transport proteins that are specific for small neutral molecules such as urea, water, ammonia, and CO2. The identification of first urea transporters (12), then aquaporins or water channels (1), and most recently ammonia transporters (8) (that may also facilitate the movement of CO2), challenged the long-held view t...

Perioperative cardiovascular evaluation: heads or tails?

When dealing with surgical patients, a perioperative evaluation is essential to anticipate complications and institute measures to reduce the risks. Several algorithms and exams have been used to identify postoperative cardiovascular events, which account for more than 50% of perioperative mortality. However, they are far from ideal. Some of these algorithms and exams were proposed before impor...